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The red trillium is native to the US, bearing both red and purple flowers. This flora is known for its strong smell.

Trillium Sessile

The red trillium is native to the US, bearing both red and purple flowers. This flora is known for its…

The White Trillium is a perennial belonging to the lily family.

Trillium Grandiflorum

The White Trillium is a perennial belonging to the lily family.

This is the purple trillium usually bears pink or purple leaves.

Trillium Erectum

This is the purple trillium usually bears pink or purple leaves.

This is tree is native to North America, known for its dark wood and edible nuts.

Black Walnut

This is tree is native to North America, known for its dark wood and edible nuts.

A Eurasian walnut, bearing large nut and used for its figured wood.

Juglans Regia

A Eurasian walnut, bearing large nut and used for its figured wood.

A tree native to North America featuring light wood and edible nut. The Cinerea are used to make brown dye.

Juglans Cinerea

A tree native to North America featuring light wood and edible nut. The Cinerea are used to make brown…

"The section of the flume is usually rectangular, but it may be of a V shape, and occasionally, as in California, it is semicircular, this latter form requiring least lumber, but necessitating the use of iron bands or brackets."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Combined Wood and Iron Flume

"The section of the flume is usually rectangular, but it may be of a V shape, and occasionally, as in…

"By the time [olive trees] are well grown the form of the young tree is established, and further pruning for form may be done in a general manner to obtain the following results: (1) Maintenance of a comparatively open center to the tree; (2) exposure to the sun and air as large a number as possible of last year's branches around the circumference of the tree; (3) removal of all ground suckers and water sprouts; (4) preservation of outward-growing and drooping basal and lateral fruit branches; (5) heading back of upward-growing limbs, which consume much, but produce little; and, (6) the removal of all diseased or injured wood. In pruning for form the rules governing pruning for fruit should be kept in mind."—Government Printing Office, 1897

An Olive Tree

"By the time [olive trees] are well grown the form of the young tree is established, and further pruning…

The four fundamental forms of resistance: A, to tension; B, to compression parallel to fiber; C, to compression at right angle to fiber; D, to transverse tension; F, fiber of wood. Arrows indicate direction of force.

The Forms of Resistance

The four fundamental forms of resistance: A, to tension; B, to compression parallel to fiber; C, to…

"Since the strength of the fibers in adhesion is very much less than in tension and compression, adhesion enters into nearly every test as an important factor. Thus, if a piece of wood consisting of several fibers is tested in tension, the fibers a and b would probably not break at all, but be merely pulled out, the failure, as far as they are concerned, being due to lack of adhesion and not to a lack of tensile strength. Every tension test presents numerous cases of this king, the broken fibers presenting no even fracture, but being splintered and drawn out especially if the wood is good."—Government Printing Office, 1897

Behavior of Fibers in Tension Test

"Since the strength of the fibers in adhesion is very much less than in tension and compression, adhesion…

The galleries of the Xyloterus retusus tend to be built rather deeply into the wood, with the branches extending mostly horizontal.

Gallery of Xyloterus Retusus

The galleries of the Xyloterus retusus tend to be built rather deeply into the wood, with the branches…

A plant stand made of wood.

Polding Plant Stand

A plant stand made of wood.

A characteristic found in woods. They are the radial ribbons extending vertically through the tree across and perpendicular to the growth rings.

Medullary Rays

A characteristic found in woods. They are the radial ribbons extending vertically through the tree across…

A woodworking tool used to cut, flatten, and smooth areas of wood by abrasion.

Wooden Float

A woodworking tool used to cut, flatten, and smooth areas of wood by abrasion.

A house made of wood and plaster.

Wooden House

A house made of wood and plaster.

A woodchuck.

Woodchuck

A woodchuck.

Also known as Leitneria floridana. A shrub native to the southeastern United States.

Branch of Corkwood

Also known as Leitneria floridana. A shrub native to the southeastern United States.

A cartoon of two wealthy men viewing a painting. One of the men, who has a wooden leg, is blowing smoke towards the painting.

Cartoon of Two Men Viewing Painting

A cartoon of two wealthy men viewing a painting. One of the men, who has a wooden leg, is blowing smoke…

Antirrhinum is commonly known as Snapdragon. The capsules are two celled. The upper cell bursting by one pore, the lower by two many toothed pores.

Antirrhinum Capsule

Antirrhinum is commonly known as Snapdragon. The capsules are two celled. The upper cell bursting by…

This trap for codlin grubs are two, three, or more thin pieces of board that are twelve to twenty inches long and two to four inches wide with a screw through the center. Slips of wood are inserted between the board to keep them open so the grubs can enter. This was invented in the United States.

Apple or Codlin Grub Trap

This trap for codlin grubs are two, three, or more thin pieces of board that are twelve to twenty inches…

This is a branch showing buds. The lower buds are the most suitable because they are in firmer wood. The top buds are usually useless.

Branch showing Rose Buds

This is a branch showing buds. The lower buds are the most suitable because they are in firmer wood.…

The left figure shows a bud taken from a budding branch. The right figure shows wood removed from the lower end of a budding branch.

Bud Taken from Rose Budding

The left figure shows a bud taken from a budding branch. The right figure shows wood removed from the…

Some blades, such as the first two, are made with a rounded point to cut the bark without the knife entering the wood underneath. The middle two knives are made with the edge of the knife carrying to a point and are used for ordinary purposes. The last knife has a piece of ivory inserted for opening the bark.

Budding Knives

Some blades, such as the first two, are made with a rounded point to cut the bark without the knife…

Espalier is the term applied to a mode of training fruit trees in the open ground. For a single tree a row of stakes about five feet high driven into the ground, about nine inches apart is the start. Then a narrow strip of wood is laid on the tops of the stakes and a nail is driven into each to hold it firmly.

Fruit-Tree Trained Upright as an Espalier

Espalier is the term applied to a mode of training fruit trees in the open ground. For a single tree…

Candlesnuff fungus is frequently seen on decaying wood.

Candlesnuff Fungus (Xylaria Hypxylon)

Candlesnuff fungus is frequently seen on decaying wood.

The larva, or caterpillar, of the leopard moth is whitish with black glossy spots. The caterpillar has a blackish plate on the segment next to the head. These caterpillars feed on the wood in the interior of the stems and branches of pear, apple, or plum trees.

Caterpillar of the Leopard Moth

The larva, or caterpillar, of the leopard moth is whitish with black glossy spots. The caterpillar has…

The common name of libocedrus is Incense Cedar. The chilensis variety is native to Chili and grows thirty feet tall. The wood has an aromatic fragrance and is very hard and yellowish.

Fruiting Branch and Winged Seed of Libocedrus Chilensis

The common name of libocedrus is Incense Cedar. The chilensis variety is native to Chili and grows thirty…

Pictured are the ripened spur branch of the nectarine and peach tree showing the wood buds and blossom buds.

Nectarine and Peach

Pictured are the ripened spur branch of the nectarine and peach tree showing the wood buds and blossom…

Pictured are the single, double, and triple buds and nectarine and peach.

Branch of Ripened Wood of Nectarine and Peach

Pictured are the single, double, and triple buds and nectarine and peach.

Pictured is a group of young spore bearers of agaricus melleus. The mushrooms can be found growing between the wood and the bark in black, string like or flattened bands.

Agaricus Melleus

Pictured is a group of young spore bearers of agaricus melleus. The mushrooms can be found growing between…

Rhizomorhpa fragilis is found growing between the wood and the bark. This is shown on the stump of a fir tree.

Rhizomorpha Fragilis

Rhizomorhpa fragilis is found growing between the wood and the bark. This is shown on the stump of a…

The common name of <I>Anemone nemorosa</i> is wood anemone. The flowers are one inch across and are white or purplish. The stem is simple, nearly smooth, and three to eight inches tall.

Anemone Nemorosa

The common name of Anemone nemorosa is wood anemone. The flowers are one inch across and are white or…

Pictured is a permanent aquarium made of wood and glass.

Permanent Aquarium

Pictured is a permanent aquarium made of wood and glass.

Flat-Headed Borer is the common name of <I>Chalcophora virginiensis</I>. The insect extendsd its flattened burrows deep into the wood of the tree. The larvae grow to the length of two inches.

Flat-Headed Borer

Flat-Headed Borer is the common name of Chalcophora virginiensis. The insect extendsd its flattened…

The hairy woodpecker grows nine inches long. It likes to eat wood-boring beetles and ants.

Hairy Woodpecker

The hairy woodpecker grows nine inches long. It likes to eat wood-boring beetles and ants.

Illustrated is a cutting of soft growing wood, as of coleus.

Cutting

Illustrated is a cutting of soft growing wood, as of coleus.

Illustrated is a hardened wood cutting of dahlia.

Dahlia Cutting

Illustrated is a hardened wood cutting of dahlia.

Illustrated is a short cutting of ripened wood.

Short Cutting

Illustrated is a short cutting of ripened wood.

Pictured is a beetle borer and its work. The larva bores in the young wood of raspberry and blackberry.

Beetle Borer

Pictured is a beetle borer and its work. The larva bores in the young wood of raspberry and blackberry.

Dryopteris marginalis is native from Canada southward. It is a very common fern. The leaves are six inches to two feet long.

Dryopteris Marginalis

Dryopteris marginalis is native from Canada southward. It is a very common fern. The leaves are six…

Dryopteris parasitica is native to the tropical regions of both hemispheres. It often grows as a weed in greenhouses.

Dryopteris Parasitica

Dryopteris parasitica is native to the tropical regions of both hemispheres. It often grows as a weed…

Illustrated are various types of labels. (1) machine-made ready painted wood labels, (2) and (3) notched or perforated labels, (4) stake, (5) square of sheet zinc on a stake, (6) and (7) common wooden labels, (8) wired zinc label, (9) strips of zinc, (10) strip of zinc curled on a branch, (11) inexpensive, (12) (13) and (14) thin sheet copper labels, (15) zinc or copper sheet secured with copper tacks, and (16) stamped zinc.

Labels

Illustrated are various types of labels. (1) machine-made ready painted wood labels, (2) and (3) notched…

Wild red lily and wood lily are the common names of lilium philadelphicum. The flowers are bright orange-red tinged with yellow in the center and spotted deep purple. The flowers bloom in late June and July.

Wild Red Lily

Wild red lily and wood lily are the common names of lilium philadelphicum. The flowers are bright orange-red…

Illustrated is an early Yankee plow. It is made of wood and the moldboard protected by iron nailed on.

Yankee Plow

Illustrated is an early Yankee plow. It is made of wood and the moldboard protected by iron nailed on.

Horseradish tree is the common name of <i>moringa oleifera</i>. It is a small tree with soft wood and corky bark. The flowers are whitish and fragrant. It is named for the pungent taste of the root.

Horseradish Tree

Horseradish tree is the common name of moringa oleifera. It is a small tree with soft wood and corky…

A method of finding the swelling capacity of seeds. Dry beans are placed in a clay cup with holes to let in water. The cup is placed on a pan of water. On top of the seeds is a cup with a piece of wood. On top of this is a three-corned file or iron piece that the iron bar will rest on. The bar is held at eyebolt a at one end. At the other end are iron weights. A ruler is placed at f and is marked where the bar crosses it. (Part of the outer cup is cut away to show the seeds.) When the seeds swell, the bar will rise, resulting in more weights being needed on the bar. At the end, a person ties rope to point b and lifts it to see if he/she can lift as much weight as the seeds.

Seed Swelling

A method of finding the swelling capacity of seeds. Dry beans are placed in a clay cup with holes to…

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which are fine protoplasmic branches that create synapses that connect to another nerve cell. The neuron is connected to muscle (MU) by a nerve fiber (NF). The fiber is covered by a sheath (SH) of fat to protect it. NE is the ending of the fiber that the muscle is connected to. LB is a lateral branch of the nerve fiber.

Nerve Cell

A simple nerve cell, or neuron. N is the nucleus of the cell, NC is the cytoplasm, D are dendrites which…

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through the sensory nerve-fiber SF to a nerve-cell SC in the ganglion of a dorsal or afferent (convey towards the center) root (DR) of a spinal nerve. The fiber divides in the spinal cord (SP C) where the message is relayed to an internuncial nerve-cell (A). MO is motor nerve-cell, VR is ventral or efferent nerve, ME is nerve plate, and MU is muscle fiber.

Reflex Action

Illustration of the reflex action of an animal. SE is the sensory nerve-ending. A stimulus passes through…

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to the vitreous humor in the eye cavity; 2: a branch of a divided optic nerve; 3: ganglion cell layer; 4: inner nerve-fiber layer; 5: layer of bipolar ("inner granular") cells; 6: outer layer of nerve-cells; 7: layer of visual (outer granular) cells; 8: outer limiting membrane; 9: long and thing rods and short and broad cones; 10: pigment layer; 11: tangential cells; 12: bipolar cells; 13: amacrine cell; 14: centripetal optic nerve fibers; 15: centrifugal optic nerve fibers; 16: Muller's supporting cells. I, II, III: three areas of nerve cells in the retina.

Eye Retina

Diagram of the retina, aka percipient layer of the eye. 1: inner limiting membrane, which is next to…

Church's three-wheeled coach, invented in 1833. This diagram was drawn from and old wood cut. It shows the forward spring wheel that is mounted on the steering pivot.

Three-Wheeled Coach

Church's three-wheeled coach, invented in 1833. This diagram was drawn from and old wood cut. It shows…

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage build. This diagram was drawn from an old wood cut.

Notable Coach

The Notable Coach, Invented around 1829 by a man named James. It was the first practical steam carriage…

Flabellifera are a tribe of isopods. Their bodies end in a tail fan, made by the last pair of appendages and the telson (end piece). While some species of this tribe are parasitic, this particular species, Limnoria Lignorum, is non-parasitic, and has a destructive action on submerged wood. It is commonly referred to as the 'gribble'.

Limnoria Lignorum (Flabellifera)

Flabellifera are a tribe of isopods. Their bodies end in a tail fan, made by the last pair of appendages…

This illustration shows the baptismal font at Eastdown in England. It is made of stone and wood.

Baptismal Font at Eastdown

This illustration shows the baptismal font at Eastdown in England. It is made of stone and wood.

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside of which is moistened with water and treated with chlorine gas to form a solution of Gold Chloride. This is then run off, and the gold precipitated , usually by means of Ferrous Sulphate or charcoal.

Chlorination Barrel

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside…

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside of which is moistened with water and treated with chlorine gas to form a solution of Gold Chloride. This is then run off, and the gold precipitated, usually by means of Ferrous Sulphate or charcoal.

Chlorination Barrel (End Section)

The chlorination process in gold extraction employs large vats or revolving barrels, the material inside…

A style of joint employed in the art of Joinery (the making and fitting of the interior wood-work of a building).

Ploughed and Tongued Joint

A style of joint employed in the art of Joinery (the making and fitting of the interior wood-work of…

A Grooved and Tongued Joint is a joint used with boards in the same plane, so that the boards don't shrink and separate.

Grooved and Tongued Joint

A Grooved and Tongued Joint is a joint used with boards in the same plane, so that the boards don't…

A joint made so that the space created by the shrinkage of wood is filled by the fillet, preventing air and dust from penetrating in between the boards.

Rebated and Filleted Joint

A joint made so that the space created by the shrinkage of wood is filled by the fillet, preventing…

In Joinery, a common dovetail joint is the most efficient for joining two boards that meet at a right angle. The edges of each board are cut into a series of alternate projections and indentations, which fit into each other, and which by the bevel of their sides prevent the boards from drawing apart.

Common Dovetail Joint

In Joinery, a common dovetail joint is the most efficient for joining two boards that meet at a right…

A Lap Dovetail Joint is a type of dovetail joint in joinery.

Lap Dovetail Joint

A Lap Dovetail Joint is a type of dovetail joint in joinery.