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Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and senator from Massachusetts. As an academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War working to destroy the Confederacy, free all the slaves, and keep on good terms with Europe.

Charles Sumner

Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and senator from Massachusetts.…

Buntings build their nests on the ground, or on low bushes, and in this deposit four or five eggs, (Figuier, 1869).

Reed Bunting

Buntings build their nests on the ground, or on low bushes, and in this deposit four or five eggs, (Figuier,…

Buntings build their nests on the ground, or on low bushes, and in this deposit four or five eggs, (Figuier, 1869).

Cirl Bunting

Buntings build their nests on the ground, or on low bushes, and in this deposit four or five eggs, (Figuier,…

Buntings build their nests on the ground, or on low bushes, and in this deposit four or five eggs, (Figuier, 1869).

Cirl Bunting

Buntings build their nests on the ground, or on low bushes, and in this deposit four or five eggs, (Figuier,…

One of the most important musical instruments in use among the Chinese, one that is indispensable to their temple ritual, is the Sheng. This instrument is the representative of the gourd principle; originally the bowl was formed from a portion of a gourd or a calabash, the top being covered by a circular piece of wood with holes around the margin in which the pipes, seventeen in number, are fixed. In the side of the gourd is placed a mouthpiece or tube covered with ivory, through which the player <em>draws</em> his breath. Each pipe is fitted with a small free reed of copper. A small hole is made in each pipe just above the bowl, which prevents a pipe from speaking when the air is drawn in by the player, unless the hole is closed by a finger. --Baltzell, 1905

Sheng

One of the most important musical instruments in use among the Chinese, one that is indispensable to…

Old woman in doorway spins flax

Old woman

Old woman in doorway spins flax

Simple knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Simple knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the…

Figure eight knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Figure eight knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope…

Common sheet bend connects two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Common sheet bend connects two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing…

Common bowline. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Common bowline. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is…

Reef knot or square knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Reef knot or square knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the…

Carrick bend joins two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the bright. The standing part of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Carrick bend joins two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the bright. The standing part of the…

Flemish loop. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Flemish loop. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the…

Chain knot and toggle. The toggle is pulled to tighten up all the loops. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Chain knot and toggle. The toggle is pulled to tighten up all the loops. Note: the loop of a knot is…

Sheepshank. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Sheepshank. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the…

Bowline on a bight show in two stages. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Bowline on a bight show in two stages. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing…

(Belgian Congo) National flag.

Congo Free State, 1923

(Belgian Congo) National flag.

Vorticella is a protozoan. Except for when young, it is usually found attached to dead leaves or sticks throughout its life. This shows free-swimming individuals conjugating with a large, stalked individual.

Vorticella

Vorticella is a protozoan. Except for when young, it is usually found attached to dead leaves or sticks…

A free-swimming jellyfish of the Class Scyphozoa.

Jellyfish

A free-swimming jellyfish of the Class Scyphozoa.

The tentacles of the sea anemone are numerous and are borne on a disk surrounding the mouth at the free end.

Anemone

The tentacles of the sea anemone are numerous and are borne on a disk surrounding the mouth at the free…

Rotifers are free-swimming pseudo-coelomates. They occur in freshwater and are easily examined because they are transparent.

Rotifer

Rotifers are free-swimming pseudo-coelomates. They occur in freshwater and are easily examined because…

A machine that spins test tubes full of liquid. Uses centripetal forces to seperate the liquid.

Centrifugal Machine

A machine that spins test tubes full of liquid. Uses centripetal forces to seperate the liquid.

Little John cutting free Will Stutley.

Little Jon and Will Stutley

Little John cutting free Will Stutley.

Greek Vases made especially to deposit in tombs, and are ornamented with polychrome figures on a white ground.

Athenian Lecythus

Greek Vases made especially to deposit in tombs, and are ornamented with polychrome figures on a white…

"Is about the size of a rat.. Their legs are of equal length, and terminate into five toes, which are armed with small claws, usually free, thugh not fequently united by a swimming membrane. Their nose is more or less produced, and the tail is elongated, usually tapering, covered with scales." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Shrews

"Is about the size of a rat.. Their legs are of equal length, and terminate into five toes, which are…

"Encampment of Colonel Ellsworth's New York Fire Zuoaves, on the heights opposite the Navy Yard, Washington, D. C. This famous body of fiery and active soldiers at length got free from the trammels and confinement of their city quarters, a change which was both pleasant and beneficial to them. They were encamped on the heights opposite the Navy Yard, Washington, D. C., and, as our sketch will show, were most comfortably situated. Colonel Ellsworth was indefatigable in drilling his regiment, and his men most willingly seconded his efforts by close attention to duty and alacrity in the performance of all the details of camp life. The Zuoaves proved to be one of the most effective regiments in the field; they rendered efficent service in building breastworks on the outskirts of Alexandria, thereby preyenting the possibility of a surprise from the enemy, and distinguished themselves at the Battle of Bull Run in their successful assault on a confederate battery at the point of the bayonet." —Leslie, 1896

Zouaves

"Encampment of Colonel Ellsworth's New York Fire Zuoaves, on the heights opposite the Navy Yard, Washington,…

Dendromys Typicus. "Size of the common mice, and are of a pearly-gray color, and have a black band running along the back." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Free Mouse

Dendromys Typicus. "Size of the common mice, and are of a pearly-gray color, and have a black band running…

"Monument at Goshen. During the battle, Major Wood, of Goshen, made a masonic sign, by accident, which Brant, who was a Free-mason, perceived and heeded. Wood's life was spared, and as a prisoner he was treated kindly, until the Mohawk chief perceived that he was not a Mason. Then, with withering scorn, Brant looked upon Wood, believing that he had obtained the masonic sign which he used, by deception. It was purely an accident on the part of Wood. When released, he hastened to become a member of the fraternity by whose instrumentality his life had been spared. The house in which Major Wood lived is yet standing (though much altered), at the foot of the hill north of the rail-way station at Goshen. The house of Roger Townsend, who was among the slain, is also standing, and well preserved. It is in the southern part of the village."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Goshen Monument

"Monument at Goshen. During the battle, Major Wood, of Goshen, made a masonic sign, by accident, which…

"At the breeding season the back of the female exhbits a number of small pits; into these pits the male collects the eggs laid by the female in the edge of the water, and presses them down; they are then covered by a natural operculum, and there they are hatched, in the same manner as the free larvae of the other Batrachians." — Goodrich, 1859

Surinam toad

"At the breeding season the back of the female exhbits a number of small pits; into these pits the male…

"Van Wart's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon this monument: North Side: 'Here repose the mortal remains of Isaac Van Wart, an elder in the Greenburgh church, who died on the 23d of May, 1828, in the 69th year of his age. Having lived the life, he died the death, of the Christian. South Side: 'The citizens of the county of West Chester erected this tomb in testimony of the high sense they entertained for the virtuous and patriotic conduct of their fellow-citizen, as a memorial sacred to public graditute.' East Side: 'Vincent, Amor Patriae. Nearly half a century before this monument was built, the conscript fathers of America had, in the Senate chamber, voted that Isaac Van Wart was a faithful patriot, one in whom the love of country was invincible, and this tomb bears testimony that the record is true.' West Side: 'Fidelity. On the 23d of September, 1780, Isaac Van Wart, accompanied by John Paulding and David Williams, all farmers of the county of West Chester, intercepted Major Andre, on his return from the American lines in the character of a spy, and, notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release, nobly disclaimed to sacrifice their country for gold, secured and carried him to the commanding officer of the district, whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of Arnold was brought to light, the insiduous designs of the enemy, baffled, the American army saved, and our beloved country free.'"—Lossing, 1851

Van Wart's Monument

"Van Wart's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon this monument: North Side: 'Here repose…

Flowers with free filaments.

Crinum

Flowers with free filaments.

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the National Assembly, demanded to be armed in their own defense; and when this was refused, rushed off to seize the store of arms kept in the Hotel des Invalides. Angered by the report that the guns of the old prison of the Bastile were to be trained on the people, they suddenly gathered around its walls and began an attack. This ancient prison had been the scene of many oppressions in the past. Its foul dungeons and the sufferings of those who were confined there had made it an object of popular hatred. During Louis XVI's reign, however, it had fallen into disuse, and it can not be said that at that time it was worse than any other prison. Nevertheless, to the mob it still stood as the symbol of despotism. The governor of the prison surrendered, but the mob murdered him, together with some others, and carried the heads of their victims on pikes through the streets. The few prisoners that were within were set free. Although were was nothing especially heroic about the taking of the Bastile, the event was of great significance, for it seemed to say that a new age had begun. Throughout Europe it was looked upon as a triumph of the people over despotism, and by the liberals of all countries it was hailed with joy."—Colby, 1899

Bastile

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the…

"An embiotocoid fish, with small scales, uniserial and jaw teeth, and lip free and deeply cut along its margin."-Whitney, 1902

Perch

"An embiotocoid fish, with small scales, uniserial and jaw teeth, and lip free and deeply cut along…

"In the general election of 1896, the principal question at issue was the financial policy of the country. William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, was the candidate of those who 'demanded the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation.' William McKinley, of Ohio, was supported by those who maintained that the true policy was to use gold as the standard of value, in accordance with the practice of the other great nations; and the platform of the Republican party further demanded that international agreement should be sought for the free coinage of silver at some fixed ratio to be agreed upon. Mr. McKinley was elected."&mdash;Scudder, 1897

William McKinley

"In the general election of 1896, the principal question at issue was the financial policy of the country.…

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth, <em>attacus luna</em> a large and beautiful species, common in the Northern United States. The wings, which are drawn out into what appears like a long tail, are of a light yellowish-green color, marked with eye-spots near the middle. The expanse of the wings is four inches. The caterpilar lives on walnut-trees, and spins a cocoon of which silk might be made. Many of these cocoons may be picked up on the ground, in autumn or spring, beneath the trees frequented by these insect." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Chrysalis of the Luna Moth

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth,…

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth, <em>attacus luna</em> a large and beautiful species, common in the Northern United States. The wings, which are drawn out into what appears like a long tail, are of a light yellowish-green color, marked with eye-spots near the middle. The expanse of the wings is four inches. The caterpilar lives on walnut-trees, and spins a cocoon of which silk might be made. Many of these cocoons may be picked up on the ground, in autumn or spring, beneath the trees frequented by these insect." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Luna Moth

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth,…

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth, <em>attacus luna</em> a large and beautiful species, common in the Northern United States. The wings, which are drawn out into what appears like a long tail, are of a light yellowish-green color, marked with eye-spots near the middle. The expanse of the wings is four inches. The caterpilar lives on walnut-trees, and spins a cocoon of which silk might be made. Many of these cocoons may be picked up on the ground, in autumn or spring, beneath the trees frequented by these insect." &mdash; Goodrich, 1859

Caterpillar of the Luna Moth

"Among the larger and more splendid moths of our own country is the Luna Moth, or Green Emperor Moth,…

"Blow Fly is the name popularly given to such two winged flies as deposit eggs in the flesh of animals, thus making tumors arise. Several species of musca do this, so do breeze flies, etc."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Blow Fly

"Blow Fly is the name popularly given to such two winged flies as deposit eggs in the flesh of animals,…

"Mexican Arrastre. A rude apparatus used in Mexico, and to some extent in the United States, for grinding and at the same time amalgamating ores containing free gold or silver."-Whitney, 1902

Arrastre

"Mexican Arrastre. A rude apparatus used in Mexico, and to some extent in the United States, for grinding…

"The Dugong is an herbivorous mammal, belonging to the Manatees. It ranges from 10 to 20 feet in length. The color is a slaty-brown or bluish-black above and whitish below. They yield a clear oil of the best quality, free from all objectionable smell."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Dugong

"The Dugong is an herbivorous mammal, belonging to the Manatees. It ranges from 10 to 20 feet in length.…

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually of the pig. The viviparous females, originally living in rats, being about eight days after entering the intestines of their second host, a pig, to give birth to the larv&aelig;, which pass into various parts of the body, especially the muscles, where they coil up in a sack, or cyst, which eventually becomes calcareous and whitish. When pork thus infected is eaten the worms are set free in the stomach of their third host (man), and in three or four days there become sexually mature, each female being capable of producing 1,000 young."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Trichina Spiralis

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually…

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually of the pig. The viviparous females, originally living in rats, being about eight days after entering the intestines of their second host, a pig, to give birth to the larv&aelig;, which pass into various parts of the body, especially the muscles, where they coil up in a sack, or cyst, which eventually becomes calcareous and whitish. When pork thus infected is eaten the worms are set free in the stomach of their third host (man), and in three or four days there become sexually mature, each female being capable of producing 1,000 young."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Trichina Spiralis

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually…

"Turtle is, in zoology, the popular name for any species of the Cheloniid&aelig;. They may be distinguished by their long, compressed, fin-shaped, non-retractile feet, with the toes inclosed in a common skin, from which only one or two claws project. The carapace is broad and much depressed, so that when these animals are on shore, and are turned over on their backs, they cannot regain the natural position. Turtles are marine animals; their pinnate feet and light shell render them excellent swimmers. They sometimes live at a great distance from land, to which they periodically return to deposit their soft-shelled eggs in the sand."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Skeleton of Turtle

"Turtle is, in zoology, the popular name for any species of the Cheloniidæ. They may be distinguished…

"Concave or Adherent Surface of the Nail. <em>A</em>, border of the root; <em>B</em>, whitish portion of semi-lunar shape; <em>C</em>, body of nail. The continuous line around border represents the free edge." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Surface of a nail

"Concave or Adherent Surface of the Nail. A, border of the root; B, whitish portion…

<em>A</em> and <em>C</em>, lachrymal canals; <em>B</em>, lachrymal sac; <em>D</em>, small muscle which serves to compress the lachrymal sac; <em>F</em>, glands upon the inner surface of the eyelids, with ducts opening upon the free margins of the eyelids; <em>H</em>, great openings, or antrum, of the upper jawbone. The oil glands of the nose are plainly shown." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Eyelids and lachrymal apparatus

A and C, lachrymal canals; B, lachrymal sac; D, small muscle which…

"The Relative Position of the Lachrymal Apparatus, the Eyeball, and the Eyelids. <I>A</em>, lachrymal canals, with the minute orifices represented as two black dots to the right; <em>B</em>, tendon attached to a muscle which surrounds the circumference of the orbit and eyelids; under <em>B</em> is seen the lachrymal sac. The minute openings of the Meibomian glands are seen on the free margins of the eyelids. Below <em>A</em> is seen a small conical elevation, with black dots (the lachrymal papilla, or caruncle)." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Eyeball

"The Relative Position of the Lachrymal Apparatus, the Eyeball, and the Eyelids. A, lachrymal canals,…

"Improvised Hand Seats: the Three-Handed Seat. THe usefull three-handed seat is made by one bearer grasping the free wrist of the other bearer and placing his free hand on his partner's shoulder, in order to support the patient's back." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Hand seat

"Improvised Hand Seats: the Three-Handed Seat. THe usefull three-handed seat is made by one bearer grasping…

The Seventeen Year Locust (Cicada septendecim) spends seventeen years underground feeding on the roots of trees. On the seventeenth year of its life it burrows out of the ground, cracks its shell and spreads its previously unused wings. It flies to the nearest tree to mate. The female cuts holes in the branches of the tree to deposit her eggs. The males make a very loud drumming noise while they are above ground.

Seventeen Year Locust

The Seventeen Year Locust (Cicada septendecim) spends seventeen years underground feeding on the roots…

"A dress which had only a sleeve for the left arm, leaving the right with the shoulder ad a part of the breast free, and was for this reason called exomis. It is represented in the following figure of Charon." &mdash; Smith, 1873.

Exomis

"A dress which had only a sleeve for the left arm, leaving the right with the shoulder ad a part of…

"The following cut gives a view of of a portion of the paved street at the entrance of Pompeii. The upper surface consists of large polygonal blocks of the hardest stone, fitted and jointed with the utmost nicety, so as to present a perfectly even surface, as free from gaps or irregularities, as if the whole had been one solid mass." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Pompeii

"The following cut gives a view of of a portion of the paved street at the entrance of Pompeii. The…

"At the second command sake the position of guard; at the same time throw the rifle smartly to the front, grasp the rifle with the left hand just below the lower band, fingers between the stock and gun sling, barrel turned slightly to the left, the right hand grasping the small of the stock about 6 inches in front of the right hip, elbows free from the body, bayonet point at the height of the chin." — Moss, 1914

Bayonet Guard

"At the second command sake the position of guard; at the same time throw the rifle smartly to the front,…

"The chivalry of the gothic nations began in the woods of Germany. No youth was then permitted to assume arms, at that time the geat privilege of the noble and the free, at his own pleasure. It was made a social rank, to which it was necessary that the aspiring candidates should be elected in the public councils of their rude commonwealth; and the emulated distinction was then solemnly conferred by the prince, or a kinsman, giving them a javelin and a shield. In these customs we see the origin of knighthood." &mdash; Goodrich, 1844

Chivalry and knight-errantry

"The chivalry of the gothic nations began in the woods of Germany. No youth was then permitted to assume…

Hydraulic tourniquet, also called Barker's mill. It consists of a vessel of water free to rotate about a vertical axis, and having at its lower end bent arms through which the water is discharged horizontally, the direction of discharge being nearly at right angles to a line joining the discharging orifice to the axis. The unbalanced pressures at the bends of the tube, opposite to the openings, cause the apparatus to revolve in the opposite direction to the issuing liquid.

Tourniquet

Hydraulic tourniquet, also called Barker's mill. It consists of a vessel of water free to rotate about…

Interior of the ear. There is external to the head a wide-mouthed tube, or ear-trumpet (a), for catching and concentrating the waves of sound. It is movable in many beings, so that they can direct it to the place from which the sound comes. The sound concentrated at the bottom of the ear-tube falls upon a membrane stretched across the channel, like the parchment of an ordinary drum, over the space called the <em>tympanum</em>, or <em>drum of the ear</em> (b), and causes the membrane to vibrate. That its motion may be free, the air contained within the drum has free communication with the external air by the open passage (f), called the <em>eustachian tube</em>, leading to the back of the mouth. A degree of deafness ensues when this tube is obstructed, as in a cold; and a crack, or sudden noise, with immediate return of natural hearing, is, generally experienced when, in the effort of sneezing or otherwise, the obstruction is removed. The vibrations of the membrane of the drum are conveyed further inwards, through the cavity of the drum, by a chain of four bones (not here represented on account of their minuteness), reaching from the centre of the membrane to the <em>oval door</em> or <em>window</em>, leading into the labyrinth (e). The labyrinth, or complex inner compartment of the ear, over which the nerve of hearing is spread as a lining, is full of watery fluid; and, therefore, by the law of fluid pressure, when the force of the moving membrane of the drum, acting through the chain of bones, is made to compress the water, the pressure is felt instantly over the whole cavity. The labyrinth consists of the <em>vestibule</em> (e), the three <em>semicircular canals</em> (c), imbedded in the hard bone, and a winding cavity, called the <em>cochlea</em> (d), like that of a snail-shell, in which fibres, stretched across like harp-strings, constitute the <em>lyra</em>.

Ear

Interior of the ear. There is external to the head a wide-mouthed tube, or ear-trumpet (a), for catching…

Chinese, viciousness, poison. In India it is believed that if a scorpion creeps over the body it causes leprosy and that if one bears the tattooed image of a scorpion he is free from leprosy as well as from the bite of that insect. As a design it is quite common in the borders of Caucasian fabrics, especially the Shirvans.

Scorpion or Spider

Chinese, viciousness, poison. In India it is believed that if a scorpion creeps over the body it causes…

A structure in the shape of a monumental archway, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. The arch is invariably a free-standing structure, quite seperate from city gates or walls. In its simplest form a triumphal arch consists of two pillars connected by an arch, crowned with a superstructure or attic on which a statue might be mounted or which bears commemorative inscriptions. More elaborate triumphal arches have more than one archway, typically three or five of varying sizes.

Arch of Triumph

A structure in the shape of a monumental archway, usually built to celebrate a victory in war. The arch…

A calcareous secretion formed chiefly of calcium carbonate, and found as a morbid deposit around a central nucleus within the shells of various mollusks, especially those of pearl-oysters and river mussels.

Pearl

A calcareous secretion formed chiefly of calcium carbonate, and found as a morbid deposit around a central…

"The Composite or Roman order was the outcome of the attempt to improve the Corinthian, of which it was in fact a somewhat free version." &mdash;D'Anvers, 1895

Composite capital

"The Composite or Roman order was the outcome of the attempt to improve the Corinthian, of which it…

The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in south Africa's Cape Province and the southern part of the Orange Free State.

Quagga

The quagga is an extinct subspecies of the plains zebra, which was once found in great numbers in south…

A genus of plants extensively cultivated for their luscious fruit. They were so named from the practice of laying straw between the rows to keep the ground moist and free from weeds.

Strawberry

A genus of plants extensively cultivated for their luscious fruit. They were so named from the practice…