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Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and senator from Massachusetts. As an academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War working to destroy the Confederacy, free all the slaves, and keep on good terms with Europe.

Charles Sumner

Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and senator from Massachusetts.…

(1800-1879) Lawyer and public official. Appointed commissioner to China and served in the Mexican War. He wrote many articles and books.

Caleb Cushing

(1800-1879) Lawyer and public official. Appointed commissioner to China and served in the Mexican War.…

(1756-1818) Soldier and public official who wrote the eulogy of George Washington.

Henry Lee

(1756-1818) Soldier and public official who wrote the eulogy of George Washington.

(1750-1826) Soldier and Public official who fought important battles during the American Revolution. He became the first governor of Kentucky.

Colonel Isaac Shelby

(1750-1826) Soldier and Public official who fought important battles during the American Revolution.…

(1734-1832) Public official and soldier that led campaigns during the American Revolutionary war.

Thomas Sumter

(1734-1832) Public official and soldier that led campaigns during the American Revolutionary war.

(1688-1776) Physician, scientist and public official.

Doctor Cadwallader Colden

(1688-1776) Physician, scientist and public official.

One of the most important musical instruments in use among the Chinese, one that is indispensable to their temple ritual, is the Sheng. This instrument is the representative of the gourd principle; originally the bowl was formed from a portion of a gourd or a calabash, the top being covered by a circular piece of wood with holes around the margin in which the pipes, seventeen in number, are fixed. In the side of the gourd is placed a mouthpiece or tube covered with ivory, through which the player <em>draws</em> his breath. Each pipe is fitted with a small free reed of copper. A small hole is made in each pipe just above the bowl, which prevents a pipe from speaking when the air is drawn in by the player, unless the hole is closed by a finger. --Baltzell, 1905

Sheng

One of the most important musical instruments in use among the Chinese, one that is indispensable to…

Simple knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Simple knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the…

Figure eight knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Figure eight knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope…

Common sheet bend connects two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Common sheet bend connects two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing…

Common bowline. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Common bowline. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is…

Reef knot or square knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Reef knot or square knot. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the…

Carrick bend joins two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the bright. The standing part of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Carrick bend joins two ropes. Note: the loop of a knot is called the bright. The standing part of the…

Flemish loop. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Flemish loop. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the…

Chain knot and toggle. The toggle is pulled to tighten up all the loops. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Chain knot and toggle. The toggle is pulled to tighten up all the loops. Note: the loop of a knot is…

Sheepshank. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Sheepshank. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the…

Bowline on a bight show in two stages. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing part" of the rope is the part opposite the free end.

Knots

Bowline on a bight show in two stages. Note: the loop of a knot is called the "bright." The "standing…

(Belgian Congo) National flag.

Congo Free State, 1923

(Belgian Congo) National flag.

Vorticella is a protozoan. Except for when young, it is usually found attached to dead leaves or sticks throughout its life. This shows free-swimming individuals conjugating with a large, stalked individual.

Vorticella

Vorticella is a protozoan. Except for when young, it is usually found attached to dead leaves or sticks…

A free-swimming jellyfish of the Class Scyphozoa.

Jellyfish

A free-swimming jellyfish of the Class Scyphozoa.

George Grenville, English government official.

George Grenville

George Grenville, English government official.

The tentacles of the sea anemone are numerous and are borne on a disk surrounding the mouth at the free end.

Anemone

The tentacles of the sea anemone are numerous and are borne on a disk surrounding the mouth at the free…

Rotifers are free-swimming pseudo-coelomates. They occur in freshwater and are easily examined because they are transparent.

Rotifer

Rotifers are free-swimming pseudo-coelomates. They occur in freshwater and are easily examined because…

Evacuation of Corinth, Mississippi- Confederate fortifications, from the northern angle, looking south- pursuit of the retreating Confederates by the Federal Cavalry under General Smith. The details of the evacuation of Corinth, by Beauregard, beyond those contained in the official reports of General Halleck, were that Beauregard's force did not exceed 60,000 men. Nobody was left in town except women and children and old men; everything was taken away except a few provisions, which were burned. They did not leave a single gun, and had been moving their stores for two weeks, and their troops for six days. Their fortifications were five miles long, extending from the Memphis and Charleston to the Mobile and Ohio Roads. But they were much weaker than supposed. They could have been carried by storm at any time.

Evacuation of Corinth

Evacuation of Corinth, Mississippi- Confederate fortifications, from the northern angle, looking south-…

Little John cutting free Will Stutley.

Little Jon and Will Stutley

Little John cutting free Will Stutley.

"Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., fought March 6th, 7th and 8th, 1862, between the Federal forces, 13,000 strong, under Generals Curtis, Sigel, and Asboth, and the combined Confederate army of the Southwest, 25,000 strong, under Generals Van Dorn, Price and McCulloch- total defeat of the Confederates. The official report of this battle by General Curtis is as follows: "On Thursday, March 6th, the enemy commenced an attack on my right wing, assailling and following the rear guard of a detachment under General Sigel to my main lines on Sugar Creek Hollow, but ceased firing when he met my re-enforcements about 4 P.M. Early on the 7th I ordered an immediate advance of the cavalry and light artillery, under Colonel Osterhaus, with orders to attack and break what I supposed would be the re-enforced line of the enemy. This movement was in progress when the enemy commenced an attack on my right. The fight continued mainly at these points during the day, the enemy having gained the point held by the command of Colonel Carr at Cross Timber Hollow, but was entirely repulsed, with the fall of the commander, McCulloch. At sunrise on the 8th my right and centre renewed the firing, which was immediately answered by the enemy with renewed energy. I immediately ordered the centre and right wing forward, the right turning the left of the enemy and cross firing on his centre. This final position of the enemy was in the arc of a circle. A charge of infantry extending throughout the whole line completely routed the entire Confederate force, which retired in great confusion, but rather safely through the deep, impassable defiles of cross timber."" — Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Pea Ridge

"Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., fought March 6th, 7th and 8th, 1862, between the Federal forces, 13,000…

"Is about the size of a rat.. Their legs are of equal length, and terminate into five toes, which are armed with small claws, usually free, thugh not fequently united by a swimming membrane. Their nose is more or less produced, and the tail is elongated, usually tapering, covered with scales." &mdash;Goodrich, 1885

Shrews

"Is about the size of a rat.. Their legs are of equal length, and terminate into five toes, which are…

"Encampment of Colonel Ellsworth's New York Fire Zuoaves, on the heights opposite the Navy Yard, Washington, D. C. This famous body of fiery and active soldiers at length got free from the trammels and confinement of their city quarters, a change which was both pleasant and beneficial to them. They were encamped on the heights opposite the Navy Yard, Washington, D. C., and, as our sketch will show, were most comfortably situated. Colonel Ellsworth was indefatigable in drilling his regiment, and his men most willingly seconded his efforts by close attention to duty and alacrity in the performance of all the details of camp life. The Zuoaves proved to be one of the most effective regiments in the field; they rendered efficent service in building breastworks on the outskirts of Alexandria, thereby preyenting the possibility of a surprise from the enemy, and distinguished themselves at the Battle of Bull Run in their successful assault on a confederate battery at the point of the bayonet." —Leslie, 1896

Zouaves

"Encampment of Colonel Ellsworth's New York Fire Zuoaves, on the heights opposite the Navy Yard, Washington,…

"Bombardment of Fort Henry, Tennessee River, Tenn., by the Mississippi Flotilla, Flag Officer Foote, February 6th, 1862. Flag Officer Foote's official report- United States Flagship Cincinatti, off Fort Henry, Tennessee River, February 6th, 1862: 'The gunboats under my command- the <em>Essex</em>, Commander Porter; the <em>Carondelet</em>, Commander Walker; the <em>Cincinnati</em>, Commander Stembel; the <em>St. Louis</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Paulding; the <em>Conestoga</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Phelps; the <em>Taylor</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Gwin; and the <em>Lexington</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Shirk. After a severe and rapid fire of one hour and a quarter, have captured Fort Henry and have taken General Lloyd Tilghman and his staff as prisoners. The surrender to the gunboats was unconditional, as we kept an open fire upon the enemy until their flag was struck. In half an hour after the surrender I handed the fort and the prisoners over to General Grant, commanding the army, on his arrival at the fort in force. The <em>Essex</em> had a shot in her boiler, after fighting most effectually for two thirds of the action, and was obliged to drop down the river. She, with the other gunboats, officers and men, fought with the greatest gallantry. The <em>Cincinnati</em> received thirty-one shots and had one man killed and eight wounded, two seriously. The fort, with twenty guns and seventeen mortars, was defended by General Tilghman with the most determined gallantry.'" —Leslie, 1896

Bombardment of Fort Henry

"Bombardment of Fort Henry, Tennessee River, Tenn., by the Mississippi Flotilla, Flag Officer Foote,…

"Bombardment and capture of Fort Thompson, thirteen guns, near New Berne, on the Neuse River, by the Federal gunboats of General Burnside's expedition, commanded by Commander S. C. Rowan, U. S. N., March 14th, 1862. Extract from the official report of General Burnside. 'Early on the morning of the 12th, the entire force started for New Berne, and that night anchored off the mouth of Slocum's Creek, some eighteen miles from New Berne, where I had decided to make a landing. The landing commenced by seven o'clock the next morning under cover of the naval fleet, and was effected with the greatest enthusiasm by the troops. After a toilsome march through the mud, the head of the column marched within a mile and a half of the enemy's stronghold at eight o'clock, a distance of twelve miles from the point of landing, where we bivouached for the night. At daylight on the morning of the 14th I ordered an advance of the whole division, and, after an engagement of four hours, we succeeded in carrying a continuous line of field-works of over a mile in length. The position was finally carried by a most gallant charge of our men, which enabled us to gain the rear of all the batteries between this point and New Berne, which was done by a rapid advance of the entire force up the main road and railroad, the naval fleet meantime pushing its way up the river, throwing their shots into the forts in front of us. The enemy, after retreating in great confusion across the railroad bridge set fire to it, thus preventing further pursuit and causing detention in occupying the town by our troops. But the naval force had arrived at the wharves and commanded the town with their guns."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Fort Thompson

"Bombardment and capture of Fort Thompson, thirteen guns, near New Berne, on the Neuse River, by the…

"Confederate rams from Charleston Harbor attacking the Federal blockading squadron, January 31st, 1863. Official report of Rear Admiral Dupont: 'About four o'clock on the morning of the 31st of January, during the obscurity of a thick haze, two ironclad gunboats came out of Charleston by the main ship channel, unperceived by the squadron, and commenced a raid upon the blockading fleet. The <em>Mercedita</em> was the first vessel attacked. Captain Stellwagen had gone to his room for a short time, leaving Lieutenant Commanding Abbott on deck, when one of the ironclads suddenly appeared. Her approach was concealed by the haze and mist of the atmosphere. The vessel was immediately hailed and an order given to fire; but the ironclad being close aboard, and lying low in the water, no guns could be brought to bear. A heavy rifle shell was fired from the enemy, which entered the starboard side of the <em>Mercedita</em>, passed through her condenser, the steam drum of her port boiler, and exploded against her port side, blowing a hole in its exit some four or give feet square, killing the gunner, and, by the escape of steam, a number of the men, and rendering her motive power apparently useless. Unable to use his guns, and being at the mercy of the enemy, which was lying alongside on his starboard quarter, all further resistance was deemed hopeless by Captain Stellwagen, and he surrendered.'"&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Confederate rams

"Confederate rams from Charleston Harbor attacking the Federal blockading squadron, January 31st, 1863.…

"General Ward, born in New York city, June 17th, 1823, was educated at Trinity Collegiate School; enlisted at the age of eighteen in the Seventh United States Infantry, and in four years rose through the several grades to that of sergeant major. In the Mexican War he participated in the siege of Fort Brown, received wounds at monterey, and was at the capture of Vera Cruz. At the beginning of the Civil War he recruited the Thirty-eighth New York volunteers, was appointed colonel of the regiment and let it at Bull Run and in all the battles of Peninsular campaign, and subsequently at the second Bull Run and Chantilly. Being promoted brigadier general of volunteers, October 4th, 1862, he commanded a brigade in the Third Corps at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, where he was wounded, as also at Kelly's Ford and Wapping Heights, he was in temporary command of the division. He was wounded at Spottsylvania, and was frequently commended for courage and capacity in official reports."&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

General J. H. Hobart Ward

"General Ward, born in New York city, June 17th, 1823, was educated at Trinity Collegiate School; enlisted…

"The war on the Red River. Admiral Porter's fleet passing through Colonel Bailey's Dam, above Alexandria, May, 1864. Admiral David D. Porter's official report: 'The water had fallen so low that I had no hope or expectation of getting the vessels out this season, and, as the army had made arrangements to evacuate the country. I saw nothing before me but the destruction of the best party of the Mississippi squadron. There seems to have been an especial Providence looking out for us in providing a man equal to the emergency. Lieutenant Colonel Bailey, Acting Engineer of the Nineteenth Army Corps, proposed a plan of building a series of dams across the rocks at the falls, and raising the water high enough to let the vessels pass over. This proposition looked like madness, and the best engineers ridiculed it, but Colonel Bailey was so sanguine of success that I requested General Banks to have it done, and he entered heartily in the work. Provisions were short and forage was almost out, and the dam was promised to be finished in ten days, or the army would have to leave us. The work was successfully accomplished and the fleet passed over safely. Words are inadequate to express the admiration I feel for the abilities of Lieutenant Colonel Bailey. This is without doubt the greatest engineering feat ever performed. Under the best circumstances, a private company would not have completed this work under one year, and, to an ordinary mind, the whole thing would have appeared an utter impossibility. Leaving out his abilities as an engineer, he ws rendered a great service to the country, having saved to the Union a valuable fleet worth fully two million dollars.'"&mdash; Frank Leslie, 1896

Red River

"The war on the Red River. Admiral Porter's fleet passing through Colonel Bailey's Dam, above Alexandria,…

"Farragut's naval victory in Mobile Harbor. The <em>Hartford</em> engaging the Confederate ram <em>Tennessee</em>. Official report of the engagement: 'The engagement with the enemy's fleet took place on the west side of Mobile Bay, in the direction of Fort Powell, and out of range of the guns of Fort Morgan. The <em>Tennessee</em> boldly steamed in the direction of our fleet, as if for the purpose of running down and destroying the wooden vessels, without paying attention to the monitors, except to keep out of their way; but they persevered in following her and cutting her off, when her whole attention was forced to be directed to them. The fighting did not last long between them, however, for the flagship and the <em>Monongahela</em> steamed in the direction of the <em>Tennessee</em>, the <em>Monongahela</em> striking her amidships with her terrible prow, causing the huge Confederate monster to reel like a drunken man. The <em>Hartford</em> then grappled the <em>Tennessee</em>, but further bloodshed was saved by the latter hoisting the white flag from the pilot-house. Captain Pierre Giraud led the party who boarded the ram, and the Confederate Admiral Buchanana delivered up his sword to him.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Mobile Harbor

"Farragut's naval victory in Mobile Harbor. The Hartford engaging the Confederate ram Tennessee.…

"Assault of the Second Louisiana [African American] Regiment on the Confederate works at Fort Hudson, May 27th, 1863. The Battle of Fort Hudson was a severe and well-fought action. The Federal troops displayed their usual bravery, and were well handled by General Banks, driving the enemy to his second line of works. Of the [African American] regiments General Banks, in his official report, says: 'They answered every expectation. Their conduct was heroic. No troops could be more determined or more daring. They made during the day three charges upon the batteries of the enemy, suffering very heavy losses, and holding their position at nightfall with the other troops on the right of our line. The highest commendation is bestowed upon them by all officers in command on the right. Whatever doubt may have existed heretofore as to the efficiency of organizations of this character, the history of this day proves conclusively to those who were in a condition to observe the conduct of these regiments that the Government will find in this class of troops effective supporters and defenders. The severe test to which they were subjected, and the determined manner with which they encountered the enemy leave upon my mind no doubt of their ultimate success. They require only good officers, commands of limited numbers, and careful discipline to make them excellent soldiers.'"— Frank Leslie, 1896

Fort Hudson

"Assault of the Second Louisiana [African American] Regiment on the Confederate works at Fort Hudson,…

Dendromys Typicus. "Size of the common mice, and are of a pearly-gray color, and have a black band running along the back." &mdash; S. G. Goodrich, 1885

Free Mouse

Dendromys Typicus. "Size of the common mice, and are of a pearly-gray color, and have a black band running…

"Monument at Goshen. During the battle, Major Wood, of Goshen, made a masonic sign, by accident, which Brant, who was a Free-mason, perceived and heeded. Wood's life was spared, and as a prisoner he was treated kindly, until the Mohawk chief perceived that he was not a Mason. Then, with withering scorn, Brant looked upon Wood, believing that he had obtained the masonic sign which he used, by deception. It was purely an accident on the part of Wood. When released, he hastened to become a member of the fraternity by whose instrumentality his life had been spared. The house in which Major Wood lived is yet standing (though much altered), at the foot of the hill north of the rail-way station at Goshen. The house of Roger Townsend, who was among the slain, is also standing, and well preserved. It is in the southern part of the village."&mdash;Lossing, 1851

Goshen Monument

"Monument at Goshen. During the battle, Major Wood, of Goshen, made a masonic sign, by accident, which…

"At the breeding season the back of the female exhbits a number of small pits; into these pits the male collects the eggs laid by the female in the edge of the water, and presses them down; they are then covered by a natural operculum, and there they are hatched, in the same manner as the free larvae of the other Batrachians." — Goodrich, 1859

Surinam toad

"At the breeding season the back of the female exhbits a number of small pits; into these pits the male…

"Van Wart's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon this monument: North Side: 'Here repose the mortal remains of Isaac Van Wart, an elder in the Greenburgh church, who died on the 23d of May, 1828, in the 69th year of his age. Having lived the life, he died the death, of the Christian. South Side: 'The citizens of the county of West Chester erected this tomb in testimony of the high sense they entertained for the virtuous and patriotic conduct of their fellow-citizen, as a memorial sacred to public graditute.' East Side: 'Vincent, Amor Patriae. Nearly half a century before this monument was built, the conscript fathers of America had, in the Senate chamber, voted that Isaac Van Wart was a faithful patriot, one in whom the love of country was invincible, and this tomb bears testimony that the record is true.' West Side: 'Fidelity. On the 23d of September, 1780, Isaac Van Wart, accompanied by John Paulding and David Williams, all farmers of the county of West Chester, intercepted Major Andre, on his return from the American lines in the character of a spy, and, notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release, nobly disclaimed to sacrifice their country for gold, secured and carried him to the commanding officer of the district, whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of Arnold was brought to light, the insiduous designs of the enemy, baffled, the American army saved, and our beloved country free.'"—Lossing, 1851

Van Wart's Monument

"Van Wart's monument. The following are the inscriptions upon this monument: North Side: 'Here repose…

"Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., fought March 6th, 7th and 8th, 1862, between the Federal forces, 13,000 strong, under Generals Curtis, Sigel, and Asboth, and the combined Confederate army of the Southwest, 25,000 strong, under Generals Van Dorn, Price and McCulloch- total defeat of the Confederates. The official report of this battle by General Curtis is as follows: 'On Thursday, March 6th, the enemy commenced an attack on my right wing, assailling and following the rear guard of a detachment under General Sigel to my main lines on Sugar Creek Hollow, but ceased firing when he met my re-enforcements about 4 P.M. Early on the 7th I ordered an immediate advance of the cavalry and light artillery, under Colonel Osterhaus, with orders to attack and break what I supposed would be the re-enforced line of the enemy. This movement was in progress when the enemy commenced an attack on my right. The fight continued mainly at these points during the day, the enemy having gained the point held by the command of Colonel Carr at Cross Timber Hollow, but was entirely repulsed, with the fall of the commander, McCulloch. At sunrise on the 8th my right and centre renewed the firing, which was immediately answered by the enemy with renewed energy. I immediately ordered the centre and right wing forward, the right turning the left of the enemy and cross firing on his centre. This final position of the enemy was in the arc of a circle. A charge of infantry extending throughout the whole line completely routed the entire Confederate force, which retired in great confusion, but rather safely through the deep, impassable defiles of cross timber.'" — Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Pea Ridge

"Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., fought March 6th, 7th and 8th, 1862, between the Federal forces, 13,000…

"Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., fought March 6th, 7th and 8th, 1862, between the Federal forces, 13,000 strong, under Generals Curtis, Sigel, and Asboth, and the combined Confederate army of the Southwest, 25,000 strong, under Generals Van Dorn, Price and McCulloch- total defeat of the Confederates. The official report of this battle by General Curtis is as follows: 'On Thursday, March 6th, the enemy commenced an attack on my right wing, assailling and following the rear guard of a detachment under General Sigel to my main lines on Sugar Creek Hollow, but ceased firing when he met my re-enforcements about 4 P.M. Early on the 7th I ordered an immediate advance of the cavalry and light artillery, under Colonel Osterhaus, with orders to attack and break what I supposed would be the re-enforced line of the enemy. This movement was in progress when the enemy commenced an attack on my right. The fight continued mainly at these points during the day, the enemy having gained the point held by the command of Colonel Carr at Cross Timber Hollow, but was entirely repulsed, with the fall of the commander, McCulloch. At sunrise on the 8th my right and centre renewed the firing, which was immediately answered by the enemy with renewed energy. I immediately ordered the centre and right wing forward, the right turning the left of the enemy and cross firing on his centre. This final position of the enemy was in the arc of a circle. A charge of infantry extending throughout the whole line completely routed the entire Confederate force, which retired in great confusion, but rather safely through the deep, impassable defiles of cross timber.'" — Frank Leslie, 1896

Battle of Pea Ridge

"Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., fought March 6th, 7th and 8th, 1862, between the Federal forces, 13,000…

"Bombardment of Fort Henry, Tennessee River, Tenn., by the Mississippi Flotilla, Flag Officer Foote, February 6th, 1862. Flag Officer Foote's official report- United States Flagship Cincinatti, off Fort Henry, Tennessee River, February 6th, 1862: 'The gunboats under my command- the <em>Essex</em>, Commander Porter; the <em>Carondelet</em>, Commander Walker; the <em>Cincinnati</em>, Commander Stembel; the <em>St. Louis</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Paulding; the <em>Conestoga</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Phelps; the <em>Taylor</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Gwin; and the <em>Lexington</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Shirk. After a severe and rapid fire of one hour and a quarter, have captured Fort Henry and have taken General Lloyd Tilghman and his staff as prisoners. The surrender to the gunboats was unconditional, as we kept an open fire upon the enemy until their flag was struck. In half an hour after the surrender I handed the fort and the prisoners over to General Grant, commanding the army, on his arrival at the fort in force. The <em>Essex</em> had a shot in her boiler, after fighting most effectually for two thirds of the action, and was obliged to drop down the river. She, with the other gunboats, officers and men, fought with the greatest gallantry. The <em>Cincinnati</em> received thirty-one shots and had one man killed and eight wounded, two seriously. The fort, with twenty guns and seventeen mortars, was defended by General Tilghman with the most determined gallantry.'" —Leslie, 1896

Bombardment of Fort Henry

"Bombardment of Fort Henry, Tennessee River, Tenn., by the Mississippi Flotilla, Flag Officer Foote,…

"Bombardment of Fort Henry, Tennessee River, Tenn., by the Mississippi Flotilla, Flag Officer Foote, February 6th, 1862. Flag Officer Foote's official report- United States Flagship Cincinatti, off Fort Henry, Tennessee River, February 6th, 1862: 'The gunboats under my command- the <em>Essex</em>, Commander Porter; the <em>Carondelet</em>, Commander Walker; the <em>Cincinnati</em>, Commander Stembel; the <em>St. Louis</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Paulding; the <em>Conestoga</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Phelps; the <em>Taylor</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Gwin; and the <em>Lexington</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Shirk. After a severe and rapid fire of one hour and a quarter, have captured Fort Henry and have taken General Lloyd Tilghman and his staff as prisoners. The surrender to the gunboats was unconditional, as we kept an open fire upon the enemy until their flag was struck. In half an hour after the surrender I handed the fort and the prisoners over to General Grant, commanding the army, on his arrival at the fort in force. The <em>Essex</em> had a shot in her boiler, after fighting most effectually for two thirds of the action, and was obliged to drop down the river. She, with the other gunboats, officers and men, fought with the greatest gallantry. The <em>Cincinnati</em> received thirty-one shots and had one man killed and eight wounded, two seriously. The fort, with twenty guns and seventeen mortars, was defended by General Tilghman with the most determined gallantry.'" —Leslie, 1896

Bombardment of Fort Henry

"Bombardment of Fort Henry, Tennessee River, Tenn., by the Mississippi Flotilla, Flag Officer Foote,…

"Bombardment of Fort Henry, Tennessee River, Tenn., by the Mississippi Flotilla, Flag Officer Foote, February 6th, 1862. Flag Officer Foote's official report- United States Flagship Cincinatti, off Fort Henry, Tennessee River, February 6th, 1862: 'The gunboats under my command- the <em>Essex</em>, Commander Porter; the <em>Carondelet</em>, Commander Walker; the <em>Cincinnati</em>, Commander Stembel; the <em>St. Louis</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Paulding; the <em>Conestoga</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Phelps; the <em>Taylor</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Gwin; and the <em>Lexington</em>, Lieutenant Commanding Shirk. After a severe and rapid fire of one hour and a quarter, have captured Fort Henry and have taken General Lloyd Tilghman and his staff as prisoners. The surrender to the gunboats was unconditional, as we kept an open fire upon the enemy until their flag was struck. In half an hour after the surrender I handed the fort and the prisoners over to General Grant, commanding the army, on his arrival at the fort in force. The <em>Essex</em> had a shot in her boiler, after fighting most effectually for two thirds of the action, and was obliged to drop down the river. She, with the other gunboats, officers and men, fought with the greatest gallantry. The <em>Cincinnati</em> received thirty-one shots and had one man killed and eight wounded, two seriously. The fort, with twenty guns and seventeen mortars, was defended by General Tilghman with the most determined gallantry.'" —Leslie, 1896

Bombardment of Fort Henry

"Bombardment of Fort Henry, Tennessee River, Tenn., by the Mississippi Flotilla, Flag Officer Foote,…

Flowers with free filaments.

Crinum

Flowers with free filaments.

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the National Assembly, demanded to be armed in their own defense; and when this was refused, rushed off to seize the store of arms kept in the Hotel des Invalides. Angered by the report that the guns of the old prison of the Bastile were to be trained on the people, they suddenly gathered around its walls and began an attack. This ancient prison had been the scene of many oppressions in the past. Its foul dungeons and the sufferings of those who were confined there had made it an object of popular hatred. During Louis XVI's reign, however, it had fallen into disuse, and it can not be said that at that time it was worse than any other prison. Nevertheless, to the mob it still stood as the symbol of despotism. The governor of the prison surrendered, but the mob murdered him, together with some others, and carried the heads of their victims on pikes through the streets. The few prisoners that were within were set free. Although were was nothing especially heroic about the taking of the Bastile, the event was of great significance, for it seemed to say that a new age had begun. Throughout Europe it was looked upon as a triumph of the people over despotism, and by the liberals of all countries it was hailed with joy."—Colby, 1899

Bastile

"The taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789. The Parisian mob, not satisfied with the formation of the…

"An embiotocoid fish, with small scales, uniserial and jaw teeth, and lip free and deeply cut along its margin."-Whitney, 1902

Perch

"An embiotocoid fish, with small scales, uniserial and jaw teeth, and lip free and deeply cut along…

"In the general election of 1896, the principal question at issue was the financial policy of the country. William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, was the candidate of those who 'demanded the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1, without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation.' William McKinley, of Ohio, was supported by those who maintained that the true policy was to use gold as the standard of value, in accordance with the practice of the other great nations; and the platform of the Republican party further demanded that international agreement should be sought for the free coinage of silver at some fixed ratio to be agreed upon. Mr. McKinley was elected."&mdash;Scudder, 1897

William McKinley

"In the general election of 1896, the principal question at issue was the financial policy of the country.…

"Mexican Arrastre. A rude apparatus used in Mexico, and to some extent in the United States, for grinding and at the same time amalgamating ores containing free gold or silver."-Whitney, 1902

Arrastre

"Mexican Arrastre. A rude apparatus used in Mexico, and to some extent in the United States, for grinding…

"The Dugong is an herbivorous mammal, belonging to the Manatees. It ranges from 10 to 20 feet in length. The color is a slaty-brown or bluish-black above and whitish below. They yield a clear oil of the best quality, free from all objectionable smell."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Dugong

"The Dugong is an herbivorous mammal, belonging to the Manatees. It ranges from 10 to 20 feet in length.…

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually of the pig. The viviparous females, originally living in rats, being about eight days after entering the intestines of their second host, a pig, to give birth to the larv&aelig;, which pass into various parts of the body, especially the muscles, where they coil up in a sack, or cyst, which eventually becomes calcareous and whitish. When pork thus infected is eaten the worms are set free in the stomach of their third host (man), and in three or four days there become sexually mature, each female being capable of producing 1,000 young."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Trichina Spiralis

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually…

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually of the pig. The viviparous females, originally living in rats, being about eight days after entering the intestines of their second host, a pig, to give birth to the larv&aelig;, which pass into various parts of the body, especially the muscles, where they coil up in a sack, or cyst, which eventually becomes calcareous and whitish. When pork thus infected is eaten the worms are set free in the stomach of their third host (man), and in three or four days there become sexually mature, each female being capable of producing 1,000 young."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Trichina Spiralis

"Trichina Spiralis is the name given to a peculiar nematoid worm which inhabits the muscles, usually…

"Concave or Adherent Surface of the Nail. <em>A</em>, border of the root; <em>B</em>, whitish portion of semi-lunar shape; <em>C</em>, body of nail. The continuous line around border represents the free edge." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Surface of a nail

"Concave or Adherent Surface of the Nail. A, border of the root; B, whitish portion…

<em>A</em> and <em>C</em>, lachrymal canals; <em>B</em>, lachrymal sac; <em>D</em>, small muscle which serves to compress the lachrymal sac; <em>F</em>, glands upon the inner surface of the eyelids, with ducts opening upon the free margins of the eyelids; <em>H</em>, great openings, or antrum, of the upper jawbone. The oil glands of the nose are plainly shown." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Eyelids and lachrymal apparatus

A and C, lachrymal canals; B, lachrymal sac; D, small muscle which…

"The Relative Position of the Lachrymal Apparatus, the Eyeball, and the Eyelids. <I>A</em>, lachrymal canals, with the minute orifices represented as two black dots to the right; <em>B</em>, tendon attached to a muscle which surrounds the circumference of the orbit and eyelids; under <em>B</em> is seen the lachrymal sac. The minute openings of the Meibomian glands are seen on the free margins of the eyelids. Below <em>A</em> is seen a small conical elevation, with black dots (the lachrymal papilla, or caruncle)." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Eyeball

"The Relative Position of the Lachrymal Apparatus, the Eyeball, and the Eyelids. A, lachrymal canals,…

"Improvised Hand Seats: the Three-Handed Seat. THe usefull three-handed seat is made by one bearer grasping the free wrist of the other bearer and placing his free hand on his partner's shoulder, in order to support the patient's back." &mdash; Blaisedell, 1904

Hand seat

"Improvised Hand Seats: the Three-Handed Seat. THe usefull three-handed seat is made by one bearer grasping…

"The Pastoral Staff is, in the Roman Catholic Church, the official staff of a bishop or abbot. The pastoral staff of an archbishop is distinguished by being surmounted by a crozier."&mdash;(Charles Leonard-Stuart, 1911)

Pastoral Staff

"The Pastoral Staff is, in the Roman Catholic Church, the official staff of a bishop or abbot. The pastoral…

"A dress which had only a sleeve for the left arm, leaving the right with the shoulder ad a part of the breast free, and was for this reason called exomis. It is represented in the following figure of Charon." &mdash; Smith, 1873.

Exomis

"A dress which had only a sleeve for the left arm, leaving the right with the shoulder ad a part of…

"The following cut gives a view of of a portion of the paved street at the entrance of Pompeii. The upper surface consists of large polygonal blocks of the hardest stone, fitted and jointed with the utmost nicety, so as to present a perfectly even surface, as free from gaps or irregularities, as if the whole had been one solid mass." &mdash; Anthon, 1891

Pompeii

"The following cut gives a view of of a portion of the paved street at the entrance of Pompeii. The…

Emperor Meiji (November 3, 1852 – July 30, 1912), or Meiji the Great, was the 122nd Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from February 3, 1867 until his death on July 30, 1912. His personal name, which is not used in any formal or official context, was Mutsuhito.

Emperor Meiji

Emperor Meiji (November 3, 1852 – July 30, 1912), or Meiji the Great, was the 122nd Emperor of Japan…